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Given its position as the world's largest pro- ducer, developments in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have the potential to significantly impact the market in 2014, according to Roskill's Cobalt: Market Outlook to 2018 . The DRC government would like to increase domestic refining of copper and cobalt products and decrease exports of unrefined materials. The proposed export ban on concentrates did not come to fruition in 2013, but government rhetoric suggests that such measures could still go ahead in 2015. While a blanket ban remains unlikely, the 2013 increase in export tax, from $60 per metric ton (mt) to $100/mt, could be the first in a number of changes. Gécamines, the state-owned producer, is in the process of conducting a review of its partnerships to determine whether its interests are being pre- served. This review, together with the expect- ed introduction of a new mining code, which could see an increase in royalty and tax rates, could have profound implications for foreign companies operating in the country. Reports that ENRC may be forced to sell its DRC assets might also have the potential to change the complexion of the DRC pro- duction landscape. If the reports are accu- rate, will an existing producer or a new play- er acquire ENRC's assets? What else lies in store, and where will new supply come from? There are a number of potential mine projects that could produce additional cobalt raw materials over the next few years. How- ever, the vast majority stand at a very early stage of exploration or development and it is likely that very few new operations will come on-stream before 2018. Additional cobalt mine supply is most likely to come from expansion projects at existing producers such as those under way at Tenke Fungurume Mining in the DRC and African Rainbow Minerals in South Africa, and those being considered at Mirabela Nickel in Brazil, Moa Bay in Cuba, and Meta Nikel Cobalt in Turkey. Another potential source of cobalt is from the numerous nickel producing opera- tions that extract cobalt materials but do not recover them, such as those operations in the Philippines and New Caledonia, which produce nickel materials for nickel pig iron production in China. Similarly, Altona Mining in Finland produces a low-grade cobalt-nickel concentrate, which is current- ly stored, pending a treatment solution. These operations might look to produce cobalt if it was economical to do so. Global consumption of cobalt has in- creased at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 2008 and 2013. Roskill expects future demand to grow at a similar rate, expected to be 6.1% per year to 2018. As a result, cobalt demand will ex- ceed 110,000 mt. Growth in demand for cobalt will be led by Asia, particularly China, South Korea and Japan. Growth in demand in these countries will be driven by increasing battery cathode production. Demand for cobalt in battery applications is forecast to grow at 9.2% per year to 2018 and will continue to be the greatest contributor to increased demand. Demand for cobalt in catalysts is also expect- ed to grow at a high rate (8.3% per year). Roskill expects the cobalt market to remain in a state of oversupply until 2016 when supply and demand are expected to be broadly in balance. However, it will take several years for the recent period of over- supply and resultant stockpiling to be rec- onciled, which is likely to keep prices in check over the medium term. Roskill expects prices to continue on a slight downward trend in 2014 with the ramping up of new projects in Madagascar and the Philippines bringing additional mate- rial into the market and compounding the current oversupply situation. Thereafter, Ros- kill expects a modest year-on-year increase in prices with high-grade cobalt real prices in- creasing at roughly 3.6% per year to 2018. The LME's introduction of cobalt and molybdenum futures contracts in 2010 brought about an alternative to trade journal sourced pricing and introduced the option of regulated exchange pricing information. Uptake in switching to this new platform has been slow. However, in 2013 it was announced that Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold would use LME pricing data for some $200 million worth of annual cobalt sales. Freeport said it will turn to LME-based pric- ing for cobalt and cobalt hydroxide supply contracts from January 2014. It is unclear if others will choose to adopt LME-based pric- ing. Volume will need to increase before more producers make the switch. Roskill's new Cobalt: Market Outlook to 2018 contains full estimates for 2013, profiles on major producers and projects, an assessment of key market trends, an overview of developments in the DRC, and an outlook for supply, demand and prices to 2018. ( www.roskill.co.uk/cobalt ) M A R K E T S 80 E&MJ; • MARCH 2014 www.e-mj.com (February 26, 2014) P r e c i o u s M e ta l s ( $ / o z ) B a s e M e ta l s ( $ / m t) M i n o r M e ta l s ( $ / m t) E x c h a n g e R a te s ( U . S . $ E q u i v a l e n t ) Gold $1,329.00 Aluminum $1,735.00 Molybdenum $23,500 Euro (€) 1.3723 Silver $21.22 Copper $7,149.00 Cobalt $31,800 U.K. (£) 1.6672 Platinum $1,436.00 Lead $2,110.00 Canada ($) 0.9013 Palladium $736.00 Nickel $14,285.00 Ir o n O r e ( $ / d m t ) Australia ($) 0.8992 Rhodium $1,085.00 Tin $23,575.00 Fe CFR China $117.50 South Africa (Rand) 0.0930 Ruthenium $65.00 Zinc $2,077.00 China (¥) 0.1632 Gold and silver prices provided by KITCO Bullion dealers (http://www.kitco.com). Platinum group metals prices provided by Johnson Matthey (http://www.platinum.matthey.com). Non-ferrous base and minor metal prices provided by London Metal Exchange (http://www.lme.co.uk). Iron ore prices provided by Platts Iron Ore Index. Currency exchange rates were provided by the GoCurrency.com. Cobalt Market May See More Changes in 2014 EMJ_pg80_EMJ_pg80 2/28/14 11:33 AM Page 80