Engineering & Mining Journal

JAN 2016

Engineering and Mining Journal - Whether the market is copper, gold, nickel, iron ore, lead/zinc, PGM, diamonds or other commodities, E&MJ takes the lead in projecting trends, following development and reporting on the most efficient operating pr

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The gold logo emblazoning this edition of E&MJ; states it simply: Celebrating 150 years. Few trade journals can make this claim. Engineering & Mining Journal was origi- nally founded as the American Journal of Mining in 1866 (See E&MJ; 150 Years, p. 34). The publication established an early reputation for reliability and authority. In 1910, E&MJ; was purchased by Hill Publishing, which eventually merged with another company to form McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. in 1917. E&MJ; remained with McGraw-Hill until 1988 when it was sold to Maclean Hunter. The title changed hands a few more times during the 1990s. Mining Media International took control of E&MJ; in 2003. What people were able to accomplish before electricity, let alone the tablet, com- puter and the four-cycle engine, was amazing. Thumbing through the back issues of E&MJ; is like a stroll through world history as so much of the planet was discovered, mapped and developed in pursuit of natural resources. Yet what is so surprising is that, for at least 150 years, the mining industry still repeats its mistakes time after time. The cyclic nature of the mining business is pervasive throughout the E&MJ; time- line. The 2016 Project Survey (See p. 20) documents the latest swing. Between 2005 and 2015, the mining business started up more than 1,230 greenfield operations dur- ing a period that will be forever known as the supercycle. Metal prices and demand are no longer at the levels that justified this great buildout and now the mines and mills will fine tune operations until the demand side of the cycle begins to grow again. Those mining companies that managed through the most recent commodities drought of the 1990s were rewarded. They saw demand and prices for precious metals, base metals and bulk materials, such as coal, iron ore and oil sands, peak seemingly simultaneously for an extended period of time—something the mining business has never before experienced. The industry knew it wouldn't last forever, but they decided to run with the bulls anyway. Now, some of the major mining com- panies are again facing serious choices, such as selling assets to service debt. As a new year begins, people often resolve to change their ways. Maybe the res- olution for the mining industry should be to strive for more balance in long-term planning rather than making hay every time the sun shines. Technology and the Information Age have tempered the peaks, valleys and durations of the commodity pricing swings. The opportunity to capitalize on individual metals and minerals will present itself again in the not-so-distant future. However, it's unlikely that prices for all mined commodities will surge all at once for an extended duration. A trade journal is a reflection of the industry it serves. The magazine grows thick during flush times and thin during lean times. The tone of the magazine is guard- edly upbeat when prices climb and more reserved during uncertain times, but the mission always remains the same: to keep readers informed so they can do their jobs as safely, efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. E&MJ; will continue to serve the mining business much as it has. In addition to providing the expected useful information, E&MJ; will celebrate 150 years using clips from past editions. Some of that research will be shared monthly and it will culminate with the September 2016 Collector's Edition, which will be distributed at MINExpo 2016 in Las Vegas. Thank you for the trust you place with us. Please join us in the celebration and enjoy this latest edition of E&MJ; . Steve Fiscor, E&MJ; Editor-in-Chief, sfiscor@mining-media.com 2016: E&MJ; 's Sesquicentennial Year 2 E&MJ; • JANUARY 2016 F R O M T H E E D I T O R Steve Fiscor/Editor-in-Chief www.mining-media.com Engineering & Mining Journal , Volume 217, Issue 1, (ISSN 0095-8948) is published monthly by Mining Media, Inc., 10 Sedgwick Drive, Englewood, Colorado 80113 (mining- media.com). Periodicals Postage paid at Englewood, CO, and additional mailing offices. Canada Post Publications Mail Agreement No. 40845540. Canada return address: Station A, PO Box 54, Windsor ON N9A 6J5, Email: circulation@mining-media.com. Current and back issues and additional resources, including subscription request forms and an editorial cal- endar, are available on the World Wide Web at www.e-mj.com. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Free and controlled circulation to qualified subscribers. Non-qualified persons may subscribe at the following rates: USA and Canada, 1 year, $82.00, 2 year, $139.00. Outside the USA and Canada, 1 year, $134.00, 2 year, $249.00 sur- face mail (1 year, $191.00, 2 year, $352.00 airmail delivery). For subscriber services or to order single copies, write to E&MJ; , 8751 East Hampden, Suite B1, Denver, CO 80231 USA; call +1.303.283.0640 (USA) or visit www.mining-media.com. ARCHIVES AND MICROFORM: This magazine is available for research and retrieval of select- ed archived articles from leading electronic databases and online search services, including Factiva, LexisNexis, and Proquest. For microform availability, contact ProQuest at 800-521- 0600 or +1.734.761.4700, or search the Serials in Microform listings at www.proquest.com. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to E&MJ; , P.O. Box 1337, Skokie, IL 60076 USA. REPRINTS: Mining Media Inc, 8751 East Hampden, Suite B1, Denver, CO 80231 USA phone: +1.303.283.0640, fax: +1.303.283.0641, www.mining-media.com PHOTOCOPIES: Authorization to photocopy articles for internal corporate, personal, or instructional use may be obtained from the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at +1.978.750.8400. Obtain further information at copyright.com. EXECUTIVE OFFICE: Mining Media, Inc., 8751 East Hampden, Suite B1, Denver, CO 80231 USA phone: +1.303.283.0640, fax: +1.303.283.0641, www.mining-media.com COPYRIGHT 2016: Engineering & Mining Journal, incorporating World Mining Equipment, World Mining and Mining Equipment International. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Editor-In-Chief—Steve Fiscor, sfiscor@mining-media.com Managing Editor—Russ Carter, rcarter@mining-media.com European Editor—Simon Walker, simon.emj@btinternet.com Latin American Editor—Oscar Martinez, omartinez@mining-media.com South African Editor—Gavin du Venage, gavinduvenage@gmail.com Australian Editor—John Miller, john@asiaminer.com Assistant Editor—Jennifer Jensen, jjensen@mining-media.com Graphic Designer—Tad Seabrook, tseabrook@mining-media.com Mining Media International—Editorial Office 11655 Central Parkway, Suite 306; Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA Phone: +1.904.721.2925 / Fax: +1.904.721.2930 Mining Media International—Corporate Office 8751 East Hampden, Suite B1; Denver, Colorado 80231 USA Phone: +1.303.283.0640 / Fax: +1.303.283.0641 President/Publisher—Peter Johnson, pjohnson@mining-media.com VP-Sales and Marketing—John Bold, jbold@mining-media.com Midwest/Eastern U.S. & Canada, Sales—Victor Matteucci, vmatteucci@mining-media.com Western U.S. & Canada, Sales—Mary Lu Buse, mlbuse@mining-media.com Scandinavia, UK & European Sales—Colm Barry, colm.barry@telia.com Germany, Austria & Switzerland Sales—Gerd Strasmann, info@strasmann-media.de Australia & Asia Sales—Lanita Idrus, lanita@mining-media.com Japan Sales—Masao Ishiguro, ishiguro@irm.jp Indonesia Sales—Dimas Abdillah, dabdillah@mining-media.com Latin America Sales—Sylvia Palma, sylvia@downeyassociates.cl Classified Advertising—Kirk Carbo, kcarbo@mining-media.com Production Manager—Dan Fitts, dfitts@mining-media.com

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